Fill in the Missing Letters — AWL Word Families
Build academic vocabulary by root to master the TOEFL Reading’s Fill in the Missing Letters task. Expand a family to see word forms, collocations, and examples — guess the letters first, then reveal the answer.
AWL Sublist 9
60 Word Families
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1accommodate容纳;适应;为……提供便利Expand
AWL Derivatives
accommodated, accommodates, accommodating, accommodation
Common Confusion
accommodate(动词)vs accommodation(名词);拼写注意双写mm
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1.The hall can ___ up to 500 guests.
2.The new policy aims to ___ the needs of working students.
3.The hotel provided comfortable ___ for visiting researchers.
2analogy类比;比喻Expand
AWL Derivatives
analogies, analogous
Common Confusion
draw an analogy between A and B(在A和B之间作类比);be analogous to X(与X类似)
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1.The professor drew an ___ between the two systems.
2.This ___ helps explain how the process works.
3.The two cases are ___ in several important ways.
3anticipate预期;预料Expand
AWL Derivatives
anticipated, anticipates, anticipating, anticipation, unanticipated
Common Confusion
anticipate(动词)vs anticipation(名词);anticipate doing sth
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1.Researchers ___ that demand will increase next year.
2.The team made an early ___ of possible risks.
3.The delay was largely ___ by the planners.
4assure保证;使确信Expand
AWL Derivatives
assurance, assurances, assured, assuredly, assures, assuring
Common Confusion
assure(使确信,assure sb that)vs ensure(确保)vs insure(投保)——形近词区分
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1.The manager ___ us that the data were secure.
2.She gave the client an ___ that the issue would be resolved.
3.The team spoke ___ about the project's future.
5attain达到;获得Expand
AWL Derivatives
attainable, attained, attaining, attainment, attainments, attains, unattainable
Common Confusion
attain(动词,达到,正式)vs obtain(获得);attainable为形容词
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1.The students worked hard to ___ their academic goals.
2.The program helps learners ___ a high level of proficiency.
3.The required standard is ___ for most applicants.
6behalf代表;利益Expand
AWL Derivatives
behalf
Common Confusion
on behalf of X(代表X)固定搭配,behalf本身无其他派生词形
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1.She spoke on ___ of the research team.
2.He accepted the award on ___ of his colleagues.
3.The lawyer acted on the client's ___.
7bulk大部分;主体;体积Expand
AWL Derivatives
bulky
Common Confusion
the bulk of X(X的大部分);in bulk(大宗/散装);bulky为形容词
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1.The ___ of the work was completed before Friday.
2.The bulk of the evidence supports the conclusion.
3.The package was too ___ to carry alone.
8cease停止;终止Expand
AWL Derivatives
ceased, ceaseless, ceases, ceasing
Common Confusion
cease(正式)vs stop(一般);cease to do/cease doing均可
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1.The factory will ___ operations next month.
2.The noise finally ___ after midnight.
3.The organization announced a complete ___ of production.
9coherent连贯的;一致的Expand
AWL Derivatives
coherence, coherently, incoherent, incoherently
Common Confusion
coherent(形容词)vs coherence(名词);incoherent为反义词
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1.The essay presents a ___ argument.
2.The evidence must be organized with greater ___.
3.The speaker explained the theory ___.
10coincide同时发生;相符Expand
AWL Derivatives
coincided, coincidence, coincidences, coincident, coincidental, coincides, coinciding
Common Confusion
coincide with X(与X同时发生/相符);by coincidence(碰巧)
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1.The conference dates ___ with the university holiday.
2.The two events happened by ___.
3.The findings were ___ with earlier research.
11commence开始;着手Expand
AWL Derivatives
commenced, commencement, commences, commencing, recommenced, recommences, recommencing
Common Confusion
commence(正式开始)比begin更正式;commencement可指毕业典礼
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1.The ceremony will ___ at nine o'clock.
2.The ___ of the experiment was delayed.
3.Construction is ___ next week.
12compatible兼容的;相容的Expand
AWL Derivatives
compatibility, incompatibility, incompatible
Common Confusion
be compatible with X(与X兼容),固定搭配用with;incompatible为反义词
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1.The software is fully ___ with the new operating system.
2.We need to check system ___.
3.The two approaches are not ___ in practice.
13concurrent同时发生的;并行的Expand
AWL Derivatives
concurrently
Common Confusion
concurrent(形容词)vs concurrently(副词);注意与current(当前的)区分
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1.The university offered two ___ courses.
2.Several studies were conducted ___ with the survey.
3.The projects ran ___ for three months.
14confine限制;局限;禁闭Expand
AWL Derivatives
confined, confines, confining, unconfined
Common Confusion
be confined to X(局限于X);confine(限制)vs confinement(监禁/限制)
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1.The study was ___ to first-year students.
2.The researchers tried to ___ the discussion to the main issue.
3.The animal remained in ___ for several days.
15controversy争议;争论Expand
AWL Derivatives
controversial, controversially, controversies, uncontroversial
Common Confusion
controversy(名词)vs controversial(形容词);arouse controversy(引发争议)
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1.The decision caused considerable ___.
2.The policy remains highly ___.
3.The issue was discussed ___ in the media.
16converse相反的;反之Expand
AWL Derivatives
conversely
Common Confusion
converse作形容词表相反;conversely(副词,反过来);动词converse with(交谈)
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1.The ___ of this statement is also true.
2.___, the results may suggest a different explanation.
3.The two researchers began to ___ after the meeting.
17device设备;装置;手段Expand
AWL Derivatives
devices
Common Confusion
device(名词,设备)vs devise(动词,设计)——形近词区分
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1.The laboratory uses a sensitive measuring ___.
2.The device was designed for remote monitoring.
3.Several new ___ were tested in the experiment.
18devote致力于;奉献Expand
AWL Derivatives
devoted, devotedly, devotes, devoting, devotion, devotions
Common Confusion
devote sth to sth(把……用于/献身于);be devoted to X(忠实于X)
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1.Researchers ___ considerable time to the project.
2.She is deeply ___ to improving education.
3.His ___ to the field is widely recognized.
19diminish减少;减弱Expand
AWL Derivatives
diminished, diminishes, diminishing, diminution, undiminished
Common Confusion
diminish(减少)vs diminish(贬低);diminution为名词
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1.The effect may ___ over time.
2.The evidence shows a gradual ___ in the gap.
3.The pain had ___ considerably by morning.
20distort歪曲;扭曲Expand
AWL Derivatives
distorted, distorting, distortion, distortions, distorts
Common Confusion
distort(动词)vs distortion(名词);distorted(扭曲的)
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1.Social media can ___ public perceptions.
2.The image was badly ___.
3.The study examines the ___ of historical facts.
21duration持续时间Expand
AWL Derivatives
duration
Common Confusion
duration(持续时间)无派生词形;for the duration of X
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1.The course runs for the ___ of one semester.
2.Students must remain in the room for the ___ of the test.
3.The project was extended because of its long ___.
22erode侵蚀;削弱Expand
AWL Derivatives
eroded, erodes, eroding, erosion
Common Confusion
erode(侵蚀,动词)vs erosion(名词);常用于比喻(削弱信心等)
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1.Repeated failures can ___ public trust.
2.Coastal erosion may ___ the shoreline.
3.The gradual ___ of confidence was worrying.
23ethic道德准则;伦理Expand
AWL Derivatives
ethical, ethically, ethics, unethical
Common Confusion
ethic(名词,单数)vs ethics(复数,伦理/道德观);ethical为形容词
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1.Professional ___ require researchers to protect participants.
2.The company has strong ___ standards.
3.The decision should be evaluated ___.
24format格式;形式;格式化Expand
AWL Derivatives
formats, formatted, formatting
Common Confusion
format(名词,格式)vs format(动词,格式化);formatted注意双写t
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1.Please submit the report in digital ___.
2.The data were ___ as a simple table.
3.The website supports several file ___.
25found建立;创办Expand
AWL Derivatives
founded, founder, founders, founding, unfounded
Common Confusion
found(创办,found-founded-founded)vs find(find-found-found)——过去式拼写易混淆;founder(创始人)
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1.The scientist helped ___ a new research center.
2.The university was ___ in the nineteenth century.
3.The center's ___ later became its director.
26inherent固有的;内在的Expand
AWL Derivatives
inherently
Common Confusion
be inherent in X(X所固有的);inherently为副词
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1.The method has an ___ limitation.
2.Some risks are ___ in the technology.
3.The problem is ___ in the design itself.
27insight洞察力;深刻见解Expand
AWL Derivatives
insightful, insights
Common Confusion
insight(名词)vs insightful(形容词);insight into X(对X的洞察)
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1.The interview provided valuable ___ into student behavior.
2.The report offers several useful ___.
3.Her analysis was highly ___.
28integral不可或缺的;完整的Expand
AWL Derivatives
integral
Common Confusion
be integral to X(对X不可或缺);integral(完整的)vs integrate(整合,动词)
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1.Communication is an ___ part of teamwork.
2.Trust is ___ to a successful partnership.
3.The component is considered ___ to the system.
29intermediate中间的;中级的Expand
AWL Derivatives
intermediate
Common Confusion
intermediate(中级的)vs immediate(立即的)——形近词;intermediate stage(中间阶段)
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1.Students first complete an ___ course.
2.The process has an ___ stage.
3.The class is designed for ___ learners.
30manual手册;手工的Expand
AWL Derivatives
manually, manuals
Common Confusion
manual(名词,手册)vs manual(形容词,手工的);manually为副词
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1.Please read the instruction ___ first.
2.The machine requires some ___ adjustment.
3.The settings can be changed ___.
31mature成熟的;成熟Expand
AWL Derivatives
immature, immaturity, maturation, maturational, matured, matures, maturing, maturity
Common Confusion
mature(形容词)vs maturity(名词);immature为反义词;mature作动词(成熟)
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1.The idea began to ___ into a workable plan.
2.The market is becoming more ___.
3.The industry has reached a high level of ___.
32mediate调解;斡旋Expand
AWL Derivatives
mediated, mediates, mediating, mediation
Common Confusion
mediate(调解,动词)vs mediation(名词);media(媒体)为形近词
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1.A professor was asked to ___ the dispute.
2.The organization offered ___ between the two sides.
3.The conflict was successfully ___.
33medium媒介;手段;中等的Expand
AWL Derivatives
medium
Common Confusion
medium(单数)vs media(复数);the media(媒体,集合名词)
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1.Radio remains an important communication ___.
2.The campaign uses several different ___.
3.The shirt is available in a ___ size.
34military军事的;军队Expand
AWL Derivatives
military
Common Confusion
military(形容词/名词)无派生词形;the military(军队)
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1.The country increased its ___ spending.
2.The ___ played a major role in the operation.
3.The base provides ___ training.
35minimal最低限度的;极少的Expand
AWL Derivatives
minimalisation, minimalise, minimalised, minimalises, minimalising, minimalist, minimalistic, minimalists, minimalization, minimalize, minimalized, minimalizes, minimalizing, minimally
Common Confusion
minimal(极少的)vs minimum(最低值/最小的)——常混淆
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1.The treatment caused only ___ side effects.
2.The difference was ___.
3.The researchers found a ___ increase in cost.
36mutual相互的;共同的Expand
AWL Derivatives
mutually
Common Confusion
mutual(相互的)vs mutual(共同的);mutually为副词
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1.The agreement is based on ___ trust.
2.Both sides reached a ___ understanding.
3.The two groups ___ benefited from the partnership.
37norm规范;标准Expand
AWL Derivatives
norms
Common Confusion
norm(名词)vs normal(形容词);social norms(社会规范)
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1.The behavior is outside the social ___.
2.Academic writing follows certain ___.
3.The result is not ___ for this population.
38overlap重叠;部分相同Expand
AWL Derivatives
overlapped, overlapping, overlaps
Common Confusion
overlap(动词/名词);overlap with X(与X重叠);overlapped注意双写p
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1.The two categories ___ considerably.
2.There is substantial ___ between the groups.
3.The data show an ___ area.
39passive被动的;消极的Expand
AWL Derivatives
passively, passivity
Common Confusion
passive(被动的);passive voice(被动语态);passivity为名词
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1.Students should not remain ___ in the learning process.
2.The study uses a ___ control group.
3.The participants responded ___.
40portion部分;一份Expand
AWL Derivatives
portions
Common Confusion
portion(部分/一份)vs proportion(比例,形近词)——注意区分
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1.A large ___ of the budget was spent on research.
2.Only a small ___ of the sample was excluded.
3.The report divides the work into several ___.
41preliminary初步的;预备的Expand
AWL Derivatives
preliminaries
Common Confusion
preliminary(初步的)vs preliminaries(名词,预备事项)
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1.The researchers released ___ results.
2.A ___ investigation found no major problems.
3.The ___ suggest that further study is needed.
42protocol协议;规程Expand
AWL Derivatives
protocols
Common Confusion
protocol(协议/规程)vs protocol(外交礼节);protocols为复数
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1.All participants followed the safety ___.
2.The lab has a strict testing ___.
3.Researchers must follow established ___.
43qualitative定性的;质量的Expand
AWL Derivatives
qualitatively
Common Confusion
qualitative(定性的)vs quantitative(定量的)——常对比出现
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1.The study uses ___ interviews.
2.The researchers conducted a ___ analysis of the responses.
3.The findings were examined ___.
44refine改进;提炼;使精确Expand
AWL Derivatives
refined, refinement, refinements, refines, refining
Common Confusion
refine(改进,动词)vs refinement(名词)
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1.The team continued to ___ the method.
2.Several rounds of testing led to further ___.
3.The model was gradually ___ using new data.
45relax放松;缓和Expand
AWL Derivatives
relaxation, relaxed, relaxes, relaxing
Common Confusion
relax(动词)vs relaxation(名词);relaxed(放松的)vs relaxing(令人放松的)
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1.The government decided to ___ the restrictions.
2.A short break helped the researchers ___.
3.The rules were gradually ___ after the trial.
46restrain抑制;限制Expand
AWL Derivatives
restrained, restraining, restrains, restraint, restraints, unrestrained
Common Confusion
restrain(抑制)vs restrain sb from doing(阻止某人做某事);restraint为名词
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1.The policy is designed to ___ excessive spending.
2.He struggled to ___ his anger.
3.The report calls for greater ___ on public spending.
47revolution革命;重大变革Expand
AWL Derivatives
revolutionaries, revolutionary, revolutionise, revolutionised, revolutionises, revolutionising, revolutionist, revolutionists, revolutionize, revolutionized, revolutionizes, revolutionizing, revolutions
Common Confusion
revolution(名词)vs revolutionary(形容词/名词);revolutionize(动词)
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1.The internet has caused a technological ___.
2.The industry underwent a major ___.
3.The new technology was considered ___.
48rigid严格的;僵硬的Expand
AWL Derivatives
rigidities, rigidity, rigidly
Common Confusion
rigid(僵硬的/严格的)vs strict(严格);rigidity为名词
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1.The organization has a ___ hierarchy.
2.The rules are too ___ to handle unusual cases.
3.The system operates ___.
49route路线;途径Expand
AWL Derivatives
routed, routes, routing
Common Confusion
route(路线)vs root(根源,同音词)——拼写区分
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1.The researchers chose a safer ___ to the site.
2.The shipment was ___ through a different port.
3.Several transport ___ are available.
50scenario情境;设想Expand
AWL Derivatives
scenarios
Common Confusion
scenario(情境/设想)vs scene(场景);in the worst-case scenario(在最坏的情况下)
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1.The report considers several possible ___.
2.In the worst-case ___, costs could double.
3.This is a realistic ___ for the next decade.
51sphere领域;球体Expand
AWL Derivatives
spheres, spherical, spherically
Common Confusion
sphere(领域/球体);sphere of influence(势力范围)
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1.The issue has become important in the political ___.
2.The organization operates in the public ___.
3.The two countries have different ___ of influence.
52subordinate下属;次要的;使服从Expand
AWL Derivatives
subordinates, subordination
Common Confusion
subordinate(名词,下属)vs subordinate(形容词,次要的);be subordinate to X
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1.The manager asked her ___ to prepare the report.
2.The department has a clear ___ structure.
3.The committee did not want to ___ quality to speed.
53supplement补充;补充物Expand
AWL Derivatives
supplementary, supplemented, supplementing, supplements
Common Confusion
supplement(动词/名词)vs supplementary(形容词);supplement A with B(用B补充A)
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1.The course is designed to ___ classroom teaching.
2.The report includes a useful statistical ___.
3.Additional exercises provide ___ material.
54suspend暂停;悬挂Expand
AWL Derivatives
suspended, suspending, suspends, suspension
Common Confusion
suspend(暂停/悬挂)vs suspension(名词);be suspended from(被停职/停学)
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1.The university decided to ___ the program temporarily.
2.The service was ___ after a safety problem.
3.The suspension lasted for the ___ of the investigation.
55team团队;合作Expand
AWL Derivatives
teamed, teaming, teams
Common Confusion
team(名词,团队)vs team up with(与……合作)
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1.The research ___ met every Friday.
2.The two departments ___ up to solve the problem.
3.Several ___ worked on the project.
56temporary暂时的Expand
AWL Derivatives
temporarily
Common Confusion
temporary(暂时的)vs contemporary(当代的)——形近词;temporarily为副词
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1.The office is being used as a ___ workspace.
2.Students were moved to ___ accommodation.
3.The change is only ___.
57trigger触发;引发;触发因素Expand
AWL Derivatives
triggered, triggering, triggers
Common Confusion
trigger(动词,触发)vs trigger(名词,扳机/触发因素)
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1.The announcement could ___ a strong reaction.
2.The incident was the ___ for further investigation.
3.The policy change was ___ by public pressure.
58unify统一;使成一体Expand
AWL Derivatives
unification, unified, unifies, unifying
Common Confusion
unify(统一,动词)vs unification(名词);unified(统一的)
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1.The project aims to ___ the two databases.
2.The agreement led to greater ___.
3.The country was gradually ___ under one government.
59violate违反;侵犯Expand
AWL Derivatives
violated, violates, violating, violation, violations
Common Confusion
violate(动词)vs violation(名词);violate a law/rule(违反法律/规定)
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1.The company was accused of ___ safety regulations.
2.The report describes several rights ___.
3.Any ___ of the agreement may result in penalties.
60vision愿景;视力;洞察Expand
AWL Derivatives
visions
Common Confusion
vision(名词)vs visionary(有远见的/远见者)
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1.The leader presented a clear ___ for the future.
2.The project reflects a long-term ___.
3.Good planning requires both ___ and practical goals.